This article explores the U.S. Army's extralegal kidnapping of two Dakota chiefs in British Canada after the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. By focusing on their court records and Indigenous voices, this article expands the chronological and geographical scope of the era. 

This article focuses on Minnesota, New Mexico, and Colorado as a case study for Civil War memories in the American West. We show that these memories add depth to the traditional binary of North/South binary of Civil War memory.